What Is Power in International Relations Use Examples...

What is Power in International Relations? Use Examples to Illustrate your Argument Power can be seen as a very complicated concept within International Relations. Power in International Relations does not only refer to military might but also includes economic power, cultural power and also, soft and hard power. Brown defines power as not just one thing but three things all working at the same time. They are; the attributes that the actor has and can use, the relationships between actors and the ability an actor has to influence others and thirdly the actors structure,when its system makes actors behave in a certain way. The first two parts of this definition of power in International Relations are most relevant to†¦show more content†¦1977, On Max Webers Definition of Power, Journal of Sociology, Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 231. This coincides with the second part of Browns definition of power. Dahl had a similar definition which stated that power is when an actor can get another to do something they dont want to do or to not do something they might normally do. This is the power of compliance and deterrence. An example of this definition of power in International Relations is the power that Saudi Arabia has over the United Kingdom as the holder of a large amount of natural resources. The third and final aspect of Browns definition of power is structural power. Whilst traditional International Relations theories agree with the first two parts of Browns definition many others, such as Marxism, also see power to exist in an actors structure. Gramsci described how structural power can be seen in the popular culture and the mindset of an actor. He used the overthrowing of capitalism in Italy in the 1920s as an example. He stated that the overthrowing of capitalism in Russia in 1912 was easier as capitalism was so entrenched in 1920s Italy that common sense was dictated by it. He argued that the structure of life needed to be changed for the revolution to come. Simply overthrowing the government was not enough. Structural power can shape the culture and heart of an actor. Power in International Relations can also beShow MoreRelatedContemporary development1178 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction 1. For your chosen organization and/or its industry sector outline the main external , internal , task and general environmental factors which would need to be considered by a potential outside investor when making a major investment decision. 2. Explain how some of the major operational and/or operational environment factor impact on functional areas within your chosen organization or organizations in your chosen industry sector. 3. In relation to your chosen organization andRead MoreRelationship Between Greed And Grievance1210 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What is the relationship between greed and grievance as motivating factors in violent conflict? 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Climate Change And Sociology Global Warming - 1253 Words

Climate Change and Sociology Danielle Cluphf College of Western Idaho Climate Change and Sociology Climate change known as global warming has been steadily increasing over time. Global warming is a catch phrase of social confusion. Society feels uncomfortable with this notion. Is it real or fake? Little do people know that human progression and population growth adds to carbon emissions in the atmosphere. The term greenhouse gasses mean H2o or water, Co2 or carbon dioxide, and N20 known as nitrous oxide. In the book titled Global Climate Change, it breaks down what global warming is and relays information about carbon dioxide being the primary cause to the negative amounts of greenhouse gasses. â€Å"Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse†¦show more content†¦J, et al 2010) In my research, environmental sociologists use the â€Å"lens† of conflict theory, and functionalism. Today, most of the popular sociologists look at the environment from the conflict theory perspective so I will focus on this theory. In the book titled You May Ask Yourself, Conley talks ab out what conflict theory is. â€Å"The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. (Conley 2015) Conflict theorists look at the inequality perspective of societal problems and they can be from poverty, race, or gender etc. An important area of focus among environmental sociologists is the relationship between inequality and the environment. In the article, All About Environmental Sociology, Dr. Cole talks about how environmental sociologists use conflict theory with inequalities in society like income, race, gender and how climate change negatively affects these people. Low-income people for instance have more of a chance to live in a worse area that may be subject to more environmental hazards. (Cole 2017) â€Å"Numerous studies have documented that income, racial, and gender inequality make the populations that experience them more likely to experience negative environmental outcomes like pollution, proxim ity to waste, and lack of access to natural resources.† (Cole 2017) I believe this is important to environmentalShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesClimatic changes have been a major concern in the recent researches. The changes have negatively affected the production across the world and also the human lives are at stake. There are so many occurrences of unpredicted climatic effects such as the drought occurrences and the tides which affects the people. The unpredicted climatic changes have been as a result of the many factors. One of the most controversial things is that climatic changes have been caused by the social factors, which governmentRead MoreSociological Theories Of Global Climate Change1611 Words   |  7 Pages 2. 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Comparing the Views of Confucius and Aristotle free essay sample

I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance received in its presentation is acknowledged and disclosed in the paper (at the end). I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared specifically for this course and has not been used for another course (and will not be) either in whole or substantial part. Virtue is the habitual, well-established, readiness or disposition of mans powers directing them to some goodness of act. Virtue is moral excellence of a man or a woman. As applied to humans, a virtue is a good character trait. It is something practiced at all times. The virtue of perseverance is needed for all and any virtue since it is a habit of character and must be used continuously in order for any person to maintain oneself in virtue (â€Å"Virtue†). There are two famous philosophers that have many views on the subject of virtue and they are Confucius and Aristotle. Their teachings lead a lot of people into a better life or as Confucius said the practice of right living. (â€Å"Confucius-Lecture on Confucius and Self Knowledge†) Confucius was born in 551 B. C. , in at that time was called Lu, which is now the province of Shang-tung. His father was an elderly warrior who married a young peasant girl to have a son. Confucius from the young age of three had to labor for his family due to his father’s death. Because of his natural aptitude for learning, he still managed to find time to purse his studies (â€Å"Confucianism†). At the age of seventy-two in the year 479 B.C. Confucius woke early walked outside his home in Qufu, as legend tells us, and tells his disciples he wished to speak no more. He then went inside laid down and died seven days later (Freedman pp. 33-34) Aristotle was born around 200 years after Confucius in the year of 384 B. C. in Stagira, a â€Å"Grecian colony. His father was a court physician to the King Amyntas of Macedonia. It is believed that his purse of studies is due to his father’s influence of practicing medicine (â€Å"Aristotle†). He died at his country house at Chalcis, in Euboea at the age of sixty-two years old in the year of 322 B. C. He died to an illness he suffered from for a long period of time. There were legends that told his death to be because of hemlock poisoning, as well as another legend, it was said he couldn’t explain the tides so he threw himself into the sea (â€Å"Aristotle†). Confucius’ ideals about virtue are very long and complicated indeed, as well as Aristotle’s ideals. They both are alike in a lot of their views but they are different in others. Confucius himself did not make any pretension to possess virtue and wisdom in their fullness as he had stated, but his love of virtue and wisdom there is no question. He was a man of affection, sympathetic and most considerate of others (â€Å"Confucianism†). According to Confucius the morally superior person from birth should possess five inner virtues and acquire two outer ones. The five virtues are righteousness, inner integrity, love of humanity, altruism, and loyalty. One should also acquire culture and a sense of decorum (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 184). Aristotle was a man a high-minded, kind hearted man devoted to his family and his friends. He was a man who followed the ideals he outlined in his ethical treatises (â€Å"Aristotle†). He had out of all the Greek moralists, the most psychologically insightful account of virtuous character (â€Å"Moral Character†). Aristotle’s ideals of virtue were wisdom, gentleness, courage, sobriety, self-control, righteousness and liberality (â€Å"Aristotle, Virtues and Vices†). Confucius and Aristotle did believe the same way about some things. Confucius believed that people were born good, but their bad environment is what caused them to be evil and to not live with virtue (â€Å"Confucianism†). Aristotle did believe in a similar idea in that to folly belongs bad judgment of affairs, bad counsel, bad fellowship, bad use of one’s resources, false opinions about what is good in life (â€Å"Aristotle, Virtues and Vices†). They both thought that people were led astray from being a virtuous person by the wrong kind of influences in their environments. Both of them also believed to be virtuous you needed self-love. Confucius taught people to make ones self as good as possible. The practice of goodness needed to be sought after and made use of in one’s life. He taught that vice came from ignorance and knowledge led to virtue (â€Å"Confucianism†). Aristotle tried tirelessly to distinguish true self-love from vulgar self-love, which can make you morally defective. A person with true self-love is able to recognize and enjoy the value of developing their rational powers which they can use to guide their decisions. They in turn acquire practical wisdom. Now that they know practical wisdom they can take pleasure in appropriate things which in turn they can avoid common vices and act as virtuous person would (â€Å"Moral Character†). The last similarity I want to discuss is their belief in having friends. In Confucius’ recorded sayings he recognized the value of good, high-minded companions. His motto was to associate with the truly great and make friends with the most virtuous (â€Å"Confucianism†). Aristotle believed that people need to associate with a group of companions who share similar interests and aims, and who provoke us to think more and to achieve a greater understanding of what we learn in life. When we develop friendly feelings for others we care about their well-being. So once the friendship bonds are formed we naturally exhibit social virtues (â€Å"Moral Character†). There are some differences between Confucius and Aristotle. One difference in their views is Confucius’ belief in filial piety. He believed it was the root of all virtue. In which it prompted the son to love and respect his parents, contribute to their comfort, and to bring honor and happiness to their name by honorable success in life (â€Å"Confucianism†). After the parents, people were supposed to worship their ancestors, then have respect for their elders, and loyalty to rulers (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 184). Aristotle did not believe in putting your parents first. He believed first were people’s duties to the gods, then to the spirits, then those to the country and parents, then those departed (â€Å"Aristotle, Virtues and Vices†). Confucius also had a different view on being born with virtue. He believed a person is born with virtue and they have all five inner virtues which are righteousness, inner integrity, love of humanity, altruism, and loyalty (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 184). Aristotle did not believe the same way about being born with virtue. He believed there were two kinds of virtue, moral and intellectual. His belief was that intellectual virtue owes both its birth and growth to teaching and moral virtue was due to a result of habit which meant nothing comes to us by nature (â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†). Confucius did not use religion in his ideals of virtue. He felt it came from within people. He once said, â€Å"Not yet understanding life, how can we understand death? †, when it came to speculation of God and the afterlife (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 184). He did although approve of religious ceremonies that honored the ancestors and reminded people of their unity with those from before them (Freedman p. 0) which coincides with his belief to be virtuous you need to worship your ancestors (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 184). Aristotle on the other hand did believe that there is a connection to religion and virtue. He believed the path to virtue through righteousness was first to be dutiful to the gods and then to the spirits. Righteousness is also accompanied by holiness, truth, loyalty, and hatred of wickedness. (â€Å"Aristotle, Virtues and Vices†). The teachings of Confucius still flourish in today’s society even though it’s been 2500 years since he lived. Even though Confucius never wrote down his teachings they were still by his written down by his disciples after his death in a book called Lun Yu (Freedman p. 8). His beliefs have spread throughout the world by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century (Freedman p. 38). It spread to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan which was remarkable since Confucianism has no monks, missionaries, or pilgrims to spread his thoughts (Hoobler, Thomas and Dorothy p. 52). During the time frame of thirteen years when Aristotle taught at his school, called Lyceum, he composed his writings into dialogues (â€Å"Aristotle†). He taught the young conqueror Alexander and thereafter his writings were lost and not recovered until the 1st century B. C. During the middle ages they were translated into Latin and Arabic and became a basis for Christian theology (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 80). In 2000 years no one has came close to his brilliance except for Leonardo da Vinci (Cunningham, Lawrence and Reich p. 81). Confucius and Aristotle had very similar views on the topic of virtue. They were both equally brilliant men for their way of thinking in their era. Even though they lived two hundred years apart and lived in two very different areas in the world, one would believe they had communicated with each other on the issue of virtue. In their own right, each philosopher had knowledge on such extraordinary topics from virtue to metaphysics. Their teachings have withstood the test of time and war. In this modern society their beliefs are still practiced, especially Confucianism in Asian countries. From what I have learned from researching these two great philosophers I found Confucius to be more enlightening than Aristotle. Confucius’ sayings had more of an impact on my way of thinking. One of his analects is about treating others as you would have them treat you and that is a quote I have tried to live by throughout my life. I guess I grew up hearing that saying without knowing that it probably originated with an ancient Chinese philosopher named Confucius. It is fascinating that one man, who thought of himself as a failure when he died, contributed so much wisdom to so many people throughout the centuries even until present day.

The Masks of Robert Browning Essay Example

The Masks of Robert Browning Paper The Victorian era was a time known for Its family values. Robert Browning broke the mold of the Victorian writers by turning to dramatic monologue. Readers at the time could not appreciate his technique. Today some of his poems can be linked with authors such as Stephen King or Dean Kenton. Do his writings give us an insight into a hidden mad man? No. Robert Browning brought his characters to life and awakened the very real possibilities of the common man having a dark side. His use of persona and dramatic dialogue can be seen In Porphyrys Lover, and My Last Duchess. These works show his use of a mask and give insights Into the true Victorian era. Even though the entire era of the Victorians was a mask to give the impression that family values were their main concern, Robert Browning revealed the hidden chaos of his generation, the anger of the lower class against the upper class and the rise In news media coverage of tragedies.. The Victorian era of family values was a mask to hide the social conditions which Included orphanages, extreme poverty and call conflict. The mid-Victorian period was dominated by a double tankard which insisted on a rigid public respectability while condoning widespread sexual immorality by men. This hypocrisy led to extensive protests culminating in a series of highly publicized scandals in the asses and ass which marked the triumph of dogmatic puritanical morality (Fisher 14-19). Robert Browning focuses on the hypocrisy of men in My Last Duchess. Victorian men treated women as possessions which were disposabl e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Masks of Robert Browning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Masks of Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Masks of Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Men felt as if it were their duty to control women (45-46). In this work Browning displays how the men of wealth and power treated women. The poem was based on true events of Alfonse II, Duke of Ferreira in Italy, whose first wife, Lucrative, was rumored to have been poisoned after three years of marriage. Browning portrays the bad qualities of the Duchess as being easily pleased, modest and courteous to those who served her. This description was a perfect depiction of what was considered the female duty during the Victorian age. Robert Browning focuses on the chaos between the upper and lower classes In his poem Porphyrys Lover, an example of Borrowings Interest In criminal psychology and violence. The deader learns that the speaker is a man who alone in a cottage, he waits for his beloved Porphyry to enter. Evidently, her absence had been the result of her attendance at a gay feast, one of the vainer ties this suggests the upper class (lines 24-27). The speaker is in a substantially lower class than his lover. The idea of her sneaking away to be with her lover implies the unacceptable of the affair. In a Literary Correctly of the poem, Gayety Devil suggests, The plot revolves around a socially mismatched love affair; upper class girl falls in love with boy from the wrong side of the tracks. The boy has his revenge on society by murdering its representative: the girl. Another view of this poem is the religious connotation at the closing, and yet God has not said a word which necessitates the idea that the speaker has escaped punishment (60). Porphyrys Lover was printed with Johannes Gorilla In Meditation, under the heading Madhouse Cells suggesting that the two poems are related. Eleven drowning tendency to use analytical Taluses In Nils poetry to relate to current events, Johannes Gorilla , was the founder of the Reformation sects of antinomian, a belief labeled heretical by the orthodox because it taught hat those among the elect (that is, those predestined for salvation, according to so me forms of Calvinist and Wesleyan) could not sin regardless of the apparent evil of their acts (Dickinson). The belief in predestination was strong during the Victorian era. Browning thought a man who believed in predestination and a man who killed the woman he loved were both insane (Carson 397-398). Using masks or different persona Browning could speak out with greater originality and boldness than would ever have been possible in his own person. His writings were ahead of their time in action and thought. He delved into the history and assumed characters to represent current events. Through these characters he revealed the dark and evil acts of mankind. Readers often relate the mental states of the speaker in his poetry to his own state of mind; nothing could be further from the truth. The reader must look into the time in which these poems were written to get a complete analysis of them. The nineteenth century brought the printing of newspapers which were filled with stories of violence from the wars and in society. Just as the media of today seems to only portray the dark side of mankind, Browning centered his writings to he demands of the public. Human beings seem to be fascinated with the twisted minds of seemingly normal people. Browning reaches that part inside people that is drawn to look at a car wreck, silently hoping to see blood. This need for the grotesque dwells inside of man; Browning had the audacity to reveal that hunger to the world. Robert Browning avoided sharing himself inside his writings to escape criticism. He developed the technique of the dramatic monologue which reveals hidden characteristics of the speaker. His experience in writing plays may have influenced this technique. He had the ability to get inside the mind of a schizophrenic killer and hypocritical monks. During this era the reader must remember the developments of scientific research and the psychological studies by Freud. This was a time of intense developments and deep thought. Society demanded more knowledge. Robert Browning could be considered a genius of the human mind because of his uncanny understanding of the workings of the mentally challenged. Browsing writings can be seen as a type of transference of persona instead of a mask. He is not hiding behind his characters, he is inside them.

Colossus Of Rhodes essays

Colossus Of Rhodes essays In 408 B.C. the city of Rhodes was built, on the island, of Rhodes. The city was made to fit well with the best natural harbor on the island. It was an important economic center in the ancient world. Located just off the southwestern tip of Asia Minor, about where the Aegean Sea meets the Mediterranean. In 357 B.C. it was conquered by Mausolus of Halicarnassus, whose tomb is also one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. In 340, it fell into Persian hands. Alexander the Great conquered it in 332 B.C. When he died, many men wanted to be king, but one was never really chosen. Soon after Alexanders death, Demetrius attacked the city with an army of 40,000 men; more than the entire population of Rhodes. He had 2 great super towers made to destroy the city army of Rhodes. But they defeated Demetrius by flooding a trench outside the walls, which stuck the heavy tower in the mud. To celebrate this victory, they decided to make a huge statue of the god Helios. They melted bronze from Demetrius war machines. They used the super tower Demetrius had left behind as the scaffolding for the project. According to a noted historian the Colossus took 12 years to build. Some other historians place the start of the work in 304 B.C.. The statue of the god Helios, was one hundred and ten feet high, and stood on a pedestal that was fifty feet high. Its been popularly pictured spanning the harbor entrance so that ships passed beneath it. This of course, is not correct, it was actually posed in a traditional Greek matter; nude, wearing a spiked crown, shading his eyes with his right hand, and holding a cloak in his left. If it were spanning the harbor, they would have been forced to close the harbor to make it, which would shut down their economy. Some people call the Statue of Liberty, the New Colossus. There IS a reason to this, the statue of Helios, and the Statue of Liberty, are the same size. The Statue of Liber...

Gram Definition and Examples in Science

Gram Definition and Examples in Science A gram is a unit of mass in the metric system defined as one thousandth (1 x 10-3) of a kilogram. Originally, the gram was defined as a unit equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water at 4 °C (the temperature at which water has maximum density). The definition was changed when the base units for the International System of Units (SI) were redefined by the 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures. The change went into effect May 20, 2019. The symbol for the gram is the lowercase letter g. Incorrect symbols include gr (the symbol for grains), Gm (the symbol for the gigameter), and gm (easily confused with the symbol for the gram-meter, gâ‹…m). Gram may also be spelled gramme. Key Takeaways: Gram Definition The gram is a unit of mass.One gram is one thousandth the mass of one kilogram. The previous definition of the gram was the absolute weight of a 1-centimeter cube of pure water at 4  °C.The symbol for the gram is g.The gram is a small unit of mass. It is approximately the mass of one small paper clip. Examples of Gram Weight Because a gram is a small unit of weight, its size may be difficult for many people to visualize. Here are common examples of objects that have about one gram of mass: A small paperclipA thumbtackA piece of chewing gumOne US billA pen capOne cubic centimeter (milliliter) of waterA quarter teaspoon of sugar Useful Gram Conversion Factors Grams may be converted into several other units of measurement. Some common conversion factors include: 1 gram (1 g) 5 carats (5 ct)1 gram (1 g) 10-3 kilograms (10-3 kg)1 gram (1 g) 15.43236 grains (gr)1 troy ounce (ozt) 31.1035 g1 gram 8.98755179Ãâ€"1013 joules (J)500 grams 1 Jin (Chinese unit of measurement)1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) 28.3495 grams (g) Uses of the Gram The gram is widely used in science, particular chemistry and physics. Outside of the United States, the gram is used to measure non-liquid cooking ingredients and produce (e.g., flour, sugar, bananas). Relative composition for food nutrition labels is stated per 100 grams of product, even within the United States. History of the Gram In 1795, the French National Convention replaced the gravet with the gramme in the metric system. While the term changed, the definition remained that of the weight of one cubic centimeter of water. The word gramme came from the Latin word gramma which in turn derived from the Greek word grmma. The grmma was a unit used in Late Antiquity (around the 4th century AD) equal to two oboli (Greek coins) or one twenty-fourth part of an ounce. The gram was a fundamental unit of mass in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system in the 19th century. The meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system of units was proposed in 1901, but the CGS and MKS systems co-exists throughout the early to mid 20th century. The MKS system became the system of base units in 1960. However, the gram was still defined based on the mass of water. In 2019, the gram was defined based on the kilogram. The kilogram has a mass almost exactly equal to that of one liter of water, but its definition has been refined, too. In 2018, Plancks constant was defined. This allowed definition of the kilogram in terms of the second and the meter. Plancks constant h  is defined to be  6.62607015Ãâ€"10−34  and equal to one kilogram meter squared per second (kgâ‹…m2â‹…s−1). Even so, standard masses for the kilogram still exist and are used as secondary standards for kilogram and gram weights. For all practical purposes, a liter of pure water has a mas s of one kilogram and a milliliter of pure water has the mass of one gram. Sources Materese, Robin (November 16, 2018). Historic Vote Ties Kilogram and Other Units to Natural Constants. NIST.  National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027.

Midterm Business and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Midterm Business and Philosophy - Essay Example s precept is considered to be the main basis of most business ethics in regards to the various interactions that may occur with the customers, stakeholders, members of the community, minority shareholders or the employees (Dani, 74). The label â€Å"golden† was first applied to the rule by the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 B.C.). Various other similar formulations of this maxims are to be found at the centre of Taoism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and some of the rest of the world’s major religions. As the American philosopher Marcus G. Singer, correctly deduced; the Golden Rule happens to be a principle of rather great antiquity. It is seen to have played a key role in establishing moral teachings in nearly all religions and cultures and presently continues to play a significant role in our moral education. More importantly is the point that has been put forth by Augustine and some of the other philosophers that the Golden Rule is not only key in the setting of limitations for our actions, but also it help in encouraging us to promote the interests of other people above those of ourselves (Dani, 74). Although it is considerably one of the oldest and best maxims to practice, the Golden Rule in some cases might not necessarily be the best standard in the management of people in business. It has been found that what one employee might find valuable and highly appreciate, another employee might absolutely despise. According to Zimbardo and Weber, This can be attributed to the fact that preferences in life are highly individualized and learned. These variances include how individuals prefer to be treated by their supervisors. The incorrect tendency for people to assume that other persons happen to share the same behaviour, feelings and opinions as they do is referred to by social psychologists as false consensus effect. This tendency is considered to be a fundamental bias that affects how people happen to think as concerning others (McLean

Restructuring in Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Restructuring in Airline Industry - Essay Example The cause of this crisis was the increase in the fuel prices as in the worse economic fiasco faced by many nations across the globe. This led to the falling down in demand of fuel in USA and Britain. Breaking out of Gulf War saw many airlines shutting their business down, among these were the Eastern Airlines -US, British airline Air Europe, Pan American and a few smaller airlines like Midway-US and TEA in Belgium. The end of Gulf War was not any better for any of these airlines. From the world's top-20 airlines only British Airways, Cathay, SIA (Singapore Airlines) and Swissair made a net surplus in each of the three years 1991-1993. The worst hit was the North-American airlines; on the contrary many Asian airlines functioned beneficially. Many airlines needed huge capitals to survive in those years among them was Air France. The member states of the European Union received US $ 10.4 billion in 'state aid' in the year 1995. This was government support offered following authorization by the European Commission. In 1997, Alitalia was given $ 1.7 billion of state aid. Several Airlines received government funds about $ 1.3 billion that were not classified as state support. Subsequently, in 1994 and the years to follow, with financial prudence a number of airlines returned to stipulate development and gain profits. Generally, this was the time when a boom occurred in the airline business. In addition, 1998 was the most lucrative year ever. (Doganis, 2001) Airlines suffered a setback right after 9/11. A year following the assault on WTC, 54% of airline employees in NY district who were removed remained jobless. By and large, joblessness in the New York state remains towering, at 7.4 percent, and current statistics illustrate that more or less 40 percent of those laid off subsequent to 9/11 are still jobless. Even though billions of dollars in centralized support have been billed to help the airlines affected by the rebellious assault, removed airline employees have by and large been unsuccessful to profit up to now from this aid. Apparently, not just US but many other countries suffered in the aftermath of 9/11's events. There was an abrupt, close to total disruption of air traffic in the United States on 9/11, which persisted for quite a few days after that. On the other hand, Clark (Sept. 25, 2001) found that even though some businesses proposed to use video-conferencing and automobiles to replace for air travel, largely companies hadn't suspended business travel by air. Airline industry possibly has attained soaring rates of development, but this has not been convoyed by soaring rates of productivity, relatively contradicting. The Airline industry profits have been relatively less as compared to some other businesses, and in recent years there have been extreme losses too. It is alongside this setting that the industry is experiencing several fundamental 'restructuring'. The better part of the post-war period the industry was subjugated by the nationalized airlines, known as 'flag carriers', and the regimes that possessed them frequently financed and used them as devices to further their

The subject matter of the programme Essay Example for Free

The subject matter of the programme Essay The United States has the highest gun related deaths in the world. Moore links this to the lack of gun control and the president. From childhood games to bomb threats, from shootings to terrorism. One of the main issues the documentary explored was the shootings at Columbine High School in the United States, gun control and how easily accessible guns are in the United States. the very high gun related deaths, violence, mentality, behavior, issues within schools, peer pressure the effect of societies were looked at. Also in questioning was violent video games music. Marilyn Manson came up as a name to blame, but the president was also name to blame. Bowling for Columbine starts with black and white footage of the gun association, this introduces the historical background. Moore uses a number of conventions typical to a documentary. He uses voice over commentary throughout. April 20th 1999 (a typical day in America) footage is used to accompany the narrative. Moores ridicule of the Bush Administration is shown in his voice over saying the President bombs another country whose name he cant pronounce The shot of the statue of Liberty is iconic of representing America. It can be seen as an establishing shot. Verite footage of North County Bank in Michigan, where there is use of point of view shots showing him looking through a brochure and completing a form, in return of a rifle. He uses the humor of sarcasm when asking about the questions on the form he has to fill in to retain the weapon and the fact of how it only matters if your criminally defected but not mentally defected. Moore states a rhetorical question Do you think its dangerous handing guns out at a bank? There is a long shot of Moore when he walks out of the bank, with the weapon held aloft. The viewer would probably be taken aback by this, if not American. Guns given out at banks just dont happen. The viewer would think bank robberies. How easy would it be for someone who has just taken out a weapon in false name (or not) to turn around and hold someone at gunpoint? The scene is accompanied by non-diegetic music, its upbeat and sets the viewers imagination into role. The opening credits are accompanied by black and white footage of youngsters bowling. This represents the effects on youths from a young age, the bowling to take place of the play of children from that of the effects of childhood games to shooting. The Columbine shootings. Later on in the documentary there is a link back to this, as one of the female students who went to Columbine High School said, one of the boys involved in the shootings use to bowl for Columbine. Which is where the title of the documentary may have come from. Throughout the whole of this documentary there is a continuous link to guns. There is a black and white television advertisement, from the 50/60s advertising real guns. These were fake toy guns that looked and sounded real. I think Moore shows this to show how much children are involved in the tradition of guns in America. Moore also uses home footage of himself and his history of gun use to present Americas gun culture and to present himself. He won the NRA marksman award. He then introduces the fact that he grew up in the same State as Charlton Heston where hunting is extremely common. Moore includes a scene of himself at the Hairdressers, where he purchases bullets. His message is just how easily accessible guns and ammunition really are. The viewer would be shocked, particularly with our own Laws and figures as the United Kingdom. In another scene Chris Rock, a comedian, is on stage presenting his views in his own comical way. He talks of gun control and speaks about bullets costing more then there may be less violence. He suggests $5,000 for a bullet and says I would blow your head off If I could afford it! I think Moore includes this because he has a point, it is entertaining and Moore thinks the idea needs to be made. Marilyn Manson came up as a name to blame by America, mainly by the media. But out of all the United States the President, Marilyn Manson was the only one to whom suggested listening. Said within an interview between him and Moore, as the answer to one thing he would say to the youths effected by the shootings at Columbine I wouldnt say anything, I would listen The scene was effective because Marilyn Manson is a well-known artist. Other countries such as Gothic Germany frequently listen to his music but have a significant lower percentage of gun related deaths. Other things to blame were such things as video games, horror films and a TV program COPS In America, presented in Moores way, the media seems to be racially prejudiced. That or the accusers. Big, tall, black man, in around his thirties In both documentaries there are no formal introductions to the subjects. At the beginning of the documentary particularly focuses on the NRA (National Rifle Association) that Moore is a member of, wherefore he introduces himself as an American. Weapons and shooting play a major part in the documentary as they do in America itself. Moore emphasizes on the gun accessibility and how easy it is to retain a weapon and more importantly ammunition for it. In the closing scene, the song What a wonderful world is played over visuals. This is ironic. It is non-diegetic to the whole of the documentary, but leaves the viewer to provoke the viewers thought. Fahrenheit 9/11 The temperature where freedom buns! The main issue in Fahrenheit 9/11 was Fahrenheit 9/11. The devastation and effects it had on the peoples of the United States. Terrorism. The Bush Administration. The presidents connections with the Saudis and Bin Ladens and the Iraqi War. Media footage of Fahrenheit 9/11 is shown. The scene is started by telephone calls of panicking residents with no visuals. Then footage of people looking up in the air. There is no formal introduction to Fahrenheit 9/11 but the viewer automatically interprets this. News footage is shown of the planes crashing into the twin towers, then to people crying and praying. This scene is very emotive; one might question whether it was moral of Moore to include it. I think he did because he knew the reaction he would receive and that it would get the attention he had hoped for. Moore to uses narration to take us through all his findings behind the media. From the 2000 elections to informing us of the relationship between the president and the Bin Laden family. The fact of how the FBI suspiciously decided to fly the whole of the Bin Laden family out of the States just two days after 9/11 without being held for questioning. Also the fact that the Saudis, Bin Ladens and Bush families are all invested in joint financial dealings. The president wouldnt want the American public to discover this. Perhaps Moore saw it his duty to inform the American public. Moore interviews a man who was questioned by the FBI for merely speaking of and questioning the presidents decisions. An over reaction of the FBI and president to prevent terrorism. But this man was not the only one to be questioned. This man says theyre meant to be a state where there is freedom and rights, Theyre denying me my rights as an American citizen There is footage of the U. S soldiers whilst in Iraq. The soldiers admit they did not know why the president had sent them to Iraq and that it was getting to a point when they were shooting anything that moved because they had not a clue of what they were doing. One of the soldiers spoke of how they listen to The roof is on fire by Bizzy Bone. A soldier starts saying the lyrics The roof, the roof, the roof is on fire We dont need know water let the motherfucker burn! Burn! Motherfucker. Burn! As he says this, the image on screen changes to footage of an Iraqi woman clasping onto her family with other women. The backing music plays over the scenes of destruction. This scene is very powerful and emotive. The viewer would not have expected it they would be shocked, at the language, the heartlessness of it and the following scenes of images of young children who had wounds deep as the bone, skin burns, dead people. During this there is emphasis in typography on many facts, figures and quotes with actual footage from real events that help to back Moore on his views. In another scene Royal Marines Officers were frantically recruiting young men, mainly school leavers to join up. This was because of the huge loss of American soldiers that had already been lost in the Iraqi War. An aerial shot of a huge cemetery where the U. S soldiers have been buried is shown, along with typography of the figures of thousands who died. In the second to last scene, an American citizen talks of how she persuades her children to sign up. The benefits and possibilities that the Army offers. To her deep regret, she reads out the last letter she received from her son, who lost his life in Iraq. In the letter, he writes of how negatively he felt towards the president in his decision of sending them to Iraq. The scene is highly emotive, drawing in the viewer as they sympathize with this familys loss. Creating Moores desired affect to persuade the viewer in joining him in his view, against the president. Michael Moore continuously takes advantage of his documentaries to make George Bush appear to have his priorities and concerns with matters other than the American public. He uses his documentaries to convey his own political views and opinions to his audience. His obvious dislike for the president is very apparent as he includes many edited scenes of him. An example of this is shown in the documentary, when the president is on vacation with his brother in Florida on the 10th September 2001, the day before Fahrenheit 9/11. With the aid of editing Moore sets up the cozy smug look of the presidents face after Fahrenheit 9/11, cutting to one of the victims grieving family members. Undoubtedly this brings over Moores view of the Bush Administration, therefore hopefully ensuing in the audiences view, along with the American public. One of Moores purposes for creating the documentaries. Michael Moores main purposes for creating this documentary are to inform his audience of the issues that the mainstream media has missed/not included. Moore wanted to uncover, in his opinion, the fact that the current president of the United States had sent his fellow citizens into war. For reasons only known to him and close partnerships; having little to do with the excuse of an attempt to stop terrorism, capture Osama Bin Laden or prevent Saddam Hussein from using his weapons of mass destruction. Moore uses a considerably large mount of editing; in fact editing creates most of his documentaries. Unfortunately, however fortunate for him, this creates a bias view, which is what the viewer sees. Moore continuously visually documents the weaknesses of the powerful. The main example is the president. Moore captures the presidents sensitive side. Also Charlton Heston, as he walks away from the camera unable to answer Moores request of After that happened you came to Flint to hold a big rally and, you know, I just, did you feel it was being at all insensitive to the fact that this community had just gone through more tragedy? Moore then continues, You think youd like to apologize to the people in Flint for coming and doing that at that time? Moore takes full advantage of the fact that he knows about Heston, having known of the shootings, and the fact that Heston had pretended he did not. In conclusion, Moore has presented two documentaries, from his own point of view, to present his views and some truths. Creating his desired effect, to inform and explain his view.

America :: essays research papers

America, the "Revenge-Minded Nation," has created the conditions for a rising crime rate, and "invited her people in." Crime in America has become a multibillion dollar Corporation for the Judicial System. The Corporation itself breeds white collar Criminals. The little man is nothing more than a tax slave who, at the cost of being revenge-minded, has bought into the problem, and not the solution. Good people in the middle are held in prisons of fear is the crime rate rises around them. Soma say, "build more prisons", "give longer sentences", "make the prisoner do more of his/her sentence", "execute the nearly 3,000 men on death row", "treat the troubled youth as adults and sentence them as such", etc. The truth is that you can build more prisons until half of America is locked up, and the other half their victims. Longer sentences are no cure-all. Time has no more power to change a man than space does. Five or fifteen years really matters not, because for whatever reasons a person commits a crime and is sent to prison, there is no rehabilitation. The hostility of a prison environment that serves as little more than a warehouse to store bodies in, works to harden the character of the person forced to survive in it, and when the time comes to release this person, he/she is released back into society without any rehabilitation or readjustment, made much the worse than when they were first in society. Of course the many released on parole commit further crimes. What is parole, something that has power over a person's hardened character? "Correctional facility" is a lie. Where is the "correctional" influence in storing bodies for a period of time? Prisons are deprivation units. It's sad, but because of the hostilities within the prison environment, many prisoners are deprived of emotional stimulation, except for fear, anger and hate. In some cases a released person will even kill his victim to eliminate a threat to his survival in the world life's events have created for him; something it's doubtful he could have done before his conditioning experiences with hostile prison. There are circumstances when human life becomes secondary to survival, right or wrong. The teenagers sent to Vietnam and Desert Storm didn't hate the so-called "enemies", but killing them was done most often as an act of fear and survival. Much could be said concerning cause and effect, but executing nearly 3,000 people on death row won't solve America's problem with rising crime rate.

Kant on Time as A Priori Essay

Immanuel Kant presented a series of arguments regarding the nature of time. He sought to prove that time is innate in the sensibility of all human beings and that it is independent of the material world and argued that time belongs to experience as an a priori form of intuition (Kant, 74). In his Critique of Pure Reason, he claimed that time is a priori instead of being a permeating feature of mind-independent reality. He also argued that the nature of time as an element of the universe is sensible instead of conceptual which the mind   compels upon experience (75). He arrived at the conclusion that time could not independently exist or be associated to other objects as a verifiable entity. He claimed time to be the form of inner sense and maintained that time is â€Å"It is the immediate condition of inner appearances (of our souls), and thereby the mediate condition of outer appearances.†Ã‚   (77).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of Kant’s arguments regarding time as an a priori form of sensibility states that it is a necessity for our understanding of   simultaneity and succession to be preconceived since they are generated in our minds prior to our experience of simultaneous but successive moments in time (75). Kant claims: â€Å"Time is not an empirical concept that has been derived from any experience. For neither coexistence nor succession would ever come within our perception,   if the representation of time were not presupposed as underlying them a priori. Only on the presupposition of time can we represent to ourselves a number of things as existing at one and the same time (simultaneously) or at different times (successively).†Ã‚   (74) By stating that â€Å"Only under its presuppositions can one represent that several things exist at one and the same time   or in different times,† (74) Kant, in essence, is implying that concepts can not made on the basis of perception unless we have a preconceived notion of such concept. For example, our notion of a â€Å"dog† could not be a concept which is based on our experience since our mind would not be able to perceive it we did not have an idea of a â€Å"dog† which was based on a preconceived notion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, even with Gardner’s explanation, Kant’s argument is still unpersuasive. It fails to offer us sufficient reasons to agree that a preconceived notion of time is a necessary prerequisite of the perception of time. This argument is not compelling enough to weaken how time is viewed in the common sense because it begs a faulty conclusion that if this was so, our notion of color should also be a priori. Consequently, with this argument, the logical assumption about time would be that â€Å"because the notion of time is conjured simultaneously with representing the world of material objects, it cannot be based on perception of material objects. The basic view of the nature of time actually remains definite as the properties of time, which exists in and all the objects of the universe, are perceived through our experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant’s second argument tries to prove that time is an a priori form of intuition by arguing that it is possible to consider time without any appearances of any material object but it is not possible to consider any material object without the appearance of time. Kant argues: â€Å"Time is a necessary representation that underlies all intuitions. We cannot, in respect of appearances in general,remove time itself, though we can quite well think time as void of appearances. Time is, therefore, given a priori. In it alone is actuality of appearances possible at all. Appearances may, one and all, vanish; but time (as the universal condition of their possibility) cannot itself be removed..† (74-75) However, if we take this argument into consideration, it would then be logically imperative to conclude that space embodies the of outer sense or time embodies the inner appearance however this conclusion, albeit sound based on the provisions of the Kant’s argument, actually contradicts the text itself .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All in all, Kant’s arguments fail to mitigate the strong points of the common sense view of time which is, that time is a pervasive feature of the world. His arguments do not offer conclusive ideas. Although he tries to provide empirical evidences to his arguments by referencing his claims with the realities of experience, his arguments imply assumptions that when interpreted do not necessarily hold true. His theory requires a vital premise, that our notions of time and space are a priori, and it requires it to be granted in the onset however he offers no compelling argument. This vital premise caused the undoing of his entire theory. Works Cited Kant, Immanuel. The Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Kemp-Smith, Norman. Palgrave Macmillan, 1995.

How Attitudes to Marriage Have Changed Essay

In the past people married at a much younger age on average than they do today. Marrying in your late teens or early twenties was normal. Most people got married as this is what was expected of you, and people rarely considered not doing so. Many fewer decide to marry these days. Many make the conscious decisions not to as they prefer to remain more independent. This can be the case for both genders. Some would argue that people wait to meet the right person now, whereas before they would marry the first person who came along. Living Together while not Married In the past it was not socially acceptable for unmarried couples to live together. It was seen as wrong and was therefore extremely rare. It is possible that this contributed to early marriage. Unmarried couples living together has almost become the norm now. Many decide to see how they get along living together before they decide to marry. It is also common for couples to live together, and possibly have children, without ever getting married. They live the same way as a married couple without ever making it official. Children It used to be rare for people not to have children. Most people would conform to a very specific lifestyle, marrying young and having children soon after. Hardly anyone had children before marriage, and it was even rarer for people to do this by choice. Nowadays it is not uncommon at all for people to have children without being married and this is not seen as a big issue by most. Sometimes parents live together as a family with their children without being married, while others are single parents. Not everyone decides to have children either. It is no longer seen as something you must do so it has become more of a choice. The Role of Women A hundred years ago, the role of women was very specific. They were expected to marry, have children, and not work. Their role was to look after the home and their children while men went out to work. Women’s role in family life, and life in general, now depends on the individual person and her circumstances. Many still crave the traditional lifestyle of marriage and children, but many make other choices. There are many more career women; some are working parents while others don’t have children at all. The role of men is also less rigid, and it is much more common than it used to be for Mothers to go to work while Fathers stay at home. Divorce Divorce was once illegal so wasn’t an option at all. Even once it did become legal it was rarely considered and was deemed a sin by many. Now it is much more common for a variety of reasons. Attitudes have completely changed and divorce is seen as perfectly acceptable for those in an unhappy marriage and there is no longer the same stigma attached to it. Although some think of the increase in divorce as a negative, it could be argued that it is better than remaining unhappy. It is also practically easier with family law having changed to make it easier for those seeking a divorce.

The Dead Of Night essays

The Dead Of Night essays "The Dead of Night" by John Marsden possessed very few errors in capturing the reader's attention. Between lacking grammatical error, never "playing a subject out", and keeping the reader attached, this books rating had at least a 7. Although, the story kept me very interested, certain styles the author chose made the events dramatically jump up and down. This was very disturbing, well picked climactic points in the story were uninteresting because of these mistakes. Carefully choosing turning points between events in the end, might have improved and given the reader a better understanding of the book overall. Sometimes "playing the subject out", creates a better affect then constant fluctuation of turning points in the book. John Marsdens style has noticeable similarities in a variety of his books. In this particular one, he used a more serious, first person war type novel. Considering it's a fictional war, John was able to create certain questions in the readers mind. For example, an individual reading might say, "Could this actually happen?". Questions such as those develop a sense of realism in reading the story aside from thinking "It's just a story". All of these factors remained until entering the transitional phase of the book. Once this took place, "The Dead of Night" took a hard fall as far as interest is concerned. Many factors are involved when writing a story, not understanding this is unforgivable. Although, concocting a well planned and thought out fiction/non- fiction story/novel involves limitless devotion. Not being an author personally, It's very hard understanding a writers mentality and or point of view. From my perspective, being the fair reader I am, my direct quote would have to be, "A very catchy beginning, but a shaky ending". ...

Administrative Salary Hiring Trends for 2017

Administrative Salary Hiring Trends for 2017 If you work in the office or administrative support sector, you’re in luck. These occupations are poised to see about a million and a half new job openings by 2022. Companies are filling vacancies and making new ones at a rapid pace, seeking employees who have experience in the industry, a proven track record for collaboration and initiative, excellent communication skills, technological savvy, a positive attitude, and are keen to advance.1Here are some trends to watch out for this year.1. Job Title ChangesAdmin professionals are being tasked with different- and more- job responsibilities. This is starting to reflect in titles like Chief Executive Administrator, Director of First Impressions, Administrative Chief of Staff, Director of Administration, and Administrative Services Manager.2. Job Description ObsolescenceYour job description doesn’t match your day-to-day work at all. You’re doing so much more and such bigger tasks that you hardly recognize the job you were hired to do. It’s time to revamp your job description. Ask your manager if you can sit down and create an updated version. This helps hold both of you accountable, and will help to show your performance more accurately when review (and raise) time comes along.3. Salary BumpsGood news! Salaries are improving by an average of 3% or more- especially for certain senior and HR positions. If you speak another language, or you have a Certified Administrative Professional designation, or you’re a specialist in the MS Office Suite, you’re likely to be in line for more money.4. Diversifying RolesIn this new global world, different skills and experience will be more in demand. Bilingualism, customer service skills, financial savvy, etc. Start thinking about what you offer outside the box in the new economy.5. TechnologyGone are the days of getting jobs just because of lightning fast typing speed. New technology happens fast- and administrative professionals have to k eep up. Educate yourself and specialize in multi-skilled roles involving online marketing, web development, customer service, and other online aspects of your job, and you’ll go far. You’ll want to focus less on the old standards of spreadsheets and data entry and more on new things like web conferencing, IT hardware, and other software systems.6. EducationThere will be a trend toward employers requiring an associates degree- at minimum- for their administrative hires. Get yourself on the cutting edge and get your associate’s- or even your bachelor’s- to stay ahead of the curve.

Innovative Design Protection Act (IDPA) of 2012 Essay

Innovative Design Protection Act (IDPA) of 2012 - Essay Example The paper "Innovative Design Protection Act (IDPA) of 2012" will provide a succinct description of the primary features of the 2012 IDPA, discussing how the act is going to revolutionize the legal defense of designs in the US. The new version makes provisions that require detailed written notices to be issued to suspected infringers and a 21-day suspension on the start of an action following that notice without the accrual of damages during these three weeks. The act has many far-reaching effects on the design industry within the US. At its core, the act is primarily focused on not only protecting designers, but also protecting their creativity, as well as job security. It proffers copyright protection to all fashion designs in the US. The act revises the meaning of the term useful article in order to include, among others, articles of apparel such as tote bags, eyeglass frames, handbags, clothing, wallets, purses and belts. However, the act excludes, from legal protection, all desig ns that are embodied in useful articles whose designers or owners make public. This legal protection is deterred if such publication occurs more than two years prior to the date of the request for registration, specifically in vessel hull designs. Additionally, the legal protection is excluded for useful articles whose publication takes place more than three years prior to the date when protection of the design is provided, specifically in the event of fashion designs. The act also deters the consideration of the absence.... The act ideally sets out the full term of protection at three years for fashion designs and at least a decade for designs of vessel hulls (Richman, Denton & Behr 2012, p. 117). The provisions of the law require the owners of all fashion designs to offer written notifications of the design protection to all persons the design owners have sufficient reasons to believe have violated or will probably violate these protections. The act additionally makes illegal all actions aimed at the infringement of fashion designs from the start until three weeks after such written notice is served to the defendant (The Library of Congress n.d., p. 1). The act is quite significant to the design industry since it provides pertinent modifications to the infringement criteria applicable to sellers, retailers, distributors and importers of infringing articles who were not necessarily involved in making the articles. Another critical importance lies in the act’s revision of provisions dealing with a cting without knowledge, affirming that it does not constitute an infringement to create, sell, import of distribute articles embodying designs that were created without knowledge, either reasonably inferred from all circumstances or actual occurrences, that the designs were protected and were copied from protected designs (Jimenez & Kolsun 2009, p. 154). Moreover, the act declares that it does not constitute an infringement under specified federally guaranteed protections of original designs, to engage in the provisions of services such as telecommunications services, location tools for Internet information and Internet access services, as well as

Gentlemen prefer blondes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gentlemen prefer blondes - Essay Example The novel takes a narrative of Lorelei’s personal account as she wanders, shops in fancy stores, and dines with men of recognizable popularity and fat pockets. Featuring a satirical approach in presenting a popular culture’s stereotypes towards blonde women during the 1920s, Blondes is said to be amusing, mirthful, and gay, but â€Å"full of shrewd observation and devastating irony† (Frost 292). Anita Loos: Experience and Life in Understanding the Novel Anita Loos was early exposed in the world of theater when his father worked as a theater manager after becoming unemployed as a newspaper publisher. Also, she earns knowledge about acting when she starts the craft from her early childhood up until her teens (Szpytko 1). Most of the time, she happens to be the center of attention every time she joins a particular play, and her father is extremely proud of her (Loos and Beauchamp 9). Aside from acting once in a while, Anita is also considered as a â€Å"child prodi gy† as she started writing scripts when she was 12 although reports told that she was already 24 years old when she sold her first book (Loos and Beauchamp 11). Also, when she reached 20 years old, she is already considered as a â€Å"professional screenwriter,† who prolifically worked in over 60 silent films and talkies (Szpytko 1). Moreover, her influences are invariably philosophy readings and the society pages of the New York newspapers (Loos and Beauchamp 11). The early 1900s is characterized as the age of Jazz and the â€Å"Roaring Age of Twenties,† the phenomenal â€Å"flamboyant flapper,† and the age where baring skin becomes a trend (Szpytko 1). During that period also, Anita Loos wrote scripts and stories, which she submitted to various film companies including Biograph production, Mutual production, and D. W. Griffith’s affiliated film outfit (Loos and Beauchamp 13). As a curious child, teen, and young adult, Anita has a penchant for exam ining the lives of the upper class Americans (13). She also has a series of rich boyfriends, which she admittedly dumped and sent to tears when she got bored of the relationship (14). Hence, Anita considers herself â€Å"a failure as a gold digger† (14). However, the significant experience she had when she was young was when H.L. Mencken, a formidable journalist of the early 1990s, to whom she devoted admiration was in fact had a penchant for blonde women. She characterizes one particular blonde woman as empty-headed, leaving her puzzled as to why men compete over a blonde’s attention. As a result, Loos makes careful conversations with herself regarding the status of blonde women in the society. Right then, Loos thinks that blonde women must belong to a certain kind of class that can be considered a privilege. Her novel speaks of this contention. Some aspects of Loos’s story reflect in her masterpiece as the theme of the book reveals women’s fascination o ver a diamond â€Å"that lives forever,† which is both an analogy of women’s inclination towards beauty and material possessions, and a satirical approach in stereotyping women particularly those who are blonde (Snodgrass 335). Anita’s encounters with rich men and the timing of the Great Depression all contribute to her amusing yet meaningful depiction of women in her age. Knowing the author’s background somehow gives readers a deeper understanding of the issues that surround the plot of the novel. It gives readers an added perspective in digesting the

Dykeman Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dykeman Article - Essay Example Bureau of the Census, 1996 (Dykeman, 2003, p. 41). No doubt, theses parental divorces can adversely affect the future life of such children; these can negatively affect the psychological health of children and their performance at school. Children are also very much affected by the manner of interaction between their parents both before and after the divorce; children fail to meet academic and social expectations at school and are moved by feelings of anxiety, depression, aggression, lack of emotional well-being and self-esteem (Dykeman, 2003, p. 42). This highlights the role of school counselors and pinpoints the need of introducing primary, secondary and tertiary interventions among these children. The purpose of Dykeman’s study was to observe the effects of pre-referral tertiary-intervention program on such children who were referred for special education assessment due to behavioral difficulties that stemmed from their parents’ separation or divorce. 21 students (even though only 15 of them completed the treatment and follow up) were thus selected and the community agency counselors administered a conflict-resolution model of family-systems intervention on both the children and their respective custodial parents. The treatment focused mainly on the â€Å"cognitions and behaviors operant within the family environment that both preceded and followed classroom misbehavior and the strategies used by the custodial parent to discipline and socialize the child† (Dykeman, 2003, p. 43). The participant children were enrolled either in their seventh or eighth grade and the 15 custodial parents were middle aged, with 13 mothers and 2 fathers. The progress made by t he children were measured using the Conflict Tactics Scale in terms of their reasoning, verbal aggression, and violence. It is worthwhile to attempt a critique of the statistical analysis presented throughout the article. As already mentioned

Life Of Gladiators In The Roman Empire

Life Of Gladiators In The Roman Empire The name gladiator was derived from a Latin word gladiatores. Gladiators were both skilled and amateur fighters in ancient Rome who were regarded as expensive investments and fought to death in entertaining their spectators. Throughout the empire the matches took place in arenas with engagements pitying man against man or man against animals in combat. To the Romans themselves, the foundation of the arena was one of the significant features of their civilization. There was hardly any contemporary voice that was against the morality of staging gladiatorial combat in fact, the gladiators own epitaphs proudly talked about their profession without indignity, regret, or resentment. At present, the notion of gladiators combating to the death, and ideas of an amphitheatre where battle could be staged and watched by a passionate audience, epitomizes the extent to which the Roman Empire was capable of falling. The origin of gladiatorial combat originated from the Estruscan customs that sacrificed humans to appease the dead. The first gladiators were slaves who were forced to fight to the death at the funeral of an eminent aristocrat, Junius Brutus Pera in 264 BC. This spectacle was organized by the heirs of the deceased in honor of his commemoration. This concept of (the Munus) was that it kept alive the memories of important personalities after their death. The munus was held sometime after the funeral and were frequently repeated at annually or a five year intervals. This gladiatorial games or munera as it was locally referred were not made a regular part of public spectacle until the late first century. Gradually the gladiatorial exhibitions were separated from the funerary perspective and began to be staged by the affluent people as a way of showing of their power and influence in the society. The number of gladiators to be put on show was the main attraction, the bigger the number, th e more generous the sponsor was alleged to be, and the more thrilling the spectacle. Most gladiators were recruited from slaves, criminals and prisoners of war and had no choice if selected for such duty. Since they had lost their rights and some never had citizenship they had no option but to comply as they would have an opportunity of a renewed life in the arena as a respected gladiator. Surprisingly, a number of gladiators were not prisoners of war or slaves but free-born volunteers. They had never lost their rights as citizens but choose the profession voluntarily by pledging their allegiance to the owner of a gladiatorial troupe by swearing an oath to endure branding, flogging or die by the sword (UNRV History).The oath meant that the owner of the troupe had the final authority over the gladiators life, even assimilating him to the status of a slave. The key motivation was perhaps the down payment that a volunteer received after taking the oath as a gladiator. By the closing stages of the Republic, almost half of the gladiators were volunteers that took on the p osition of a slave for an agreed-upon duration of time, similar to agreed servitude that was widespread in the late second millennium. Throughout the Roman Empire gladiators were trained in exceptional and specialized schools called ludi that could be found as general amphitheatres. In these schools, the gladiators were subjected to a thorough training, fed on a high-energy diet and received expert medical attention, this made them an expensive investment that were not to be dispatched lightly. Rome itself boasted of four schools, the largest of which was named the Ludus Magnus and was connected to the Colosseum by an underground subway. The most famous training ground was the school of Capua where Spartacus sparked the gladiator and slave rebellion in 73 BC. In general, most of the gladiators would not battle more than two or three times a year but with the fame and fortune of the arena they would eventually buy out their freedom. However, some gladiators who had initially committed crimes were either anticipated to die within a year ad gladium, or might get their freedom after three years ad ludum, if they survive d in the arena (Coit 967). Matches involving gladiators took place in ampitheatres or colosseums and were often staged after the animal fights (Venationes) and open executions the noxii. In its original forms the equestrian status or persons of patrician often planned the matches in order to gain political favor on the part of the public and audience. The organizers of these games were commonly referred to as dominus, the editor or munerator and were privileged with the official status and respect of a magistrate. In case a gladiator dies in combat, the lanista or trainer received payment for compensation by the sponsor of the fatal and deadly spectacle almost a hundred times the cost of a gladiator who survived the battle. For this reason it was very much expensive for sponsors to supply the bloodshed that spectators frequently demanded, though if they did allow a gladiator to be slaughtered it was taken as a suggestion of their kindness(Bagnell 621). In spite of their servile, outlaw, legal and slavery status, gladiators commanded a wide-ranging following. They often benefited from great social prestige as even young Roman boys were fond of hanging out at gladiator schools and sometimes taking combat lessons by the gladiators, something their parents really disliked. In many occasions, Roman matrons in particular enjoyed having affairs with gladiators due to their celebrity status. Many tombstones of the gladiators had wall graffitis marked with comments such as, Celadus makes the girls swoon (Coleman). More so, there were cartoons that contained accompanying messages and headings scratched on plastered walls showing the tally of a gladiators records. It was the sanction of the sponsor, acting upon the wishes of the crowd in the coliseum, to make a decision whether to hand in official pardon for the defeated gladiator or consign him to the victor to be slain. The guiding rules for gladiatorial fights were almost certainly precise to different styles of combat. In the arena gladiators were armed individually in different combinations, each combination commanding its own fighting style and technique. It was uncommon to find gladiators being paired against an opponent in the same fighting style. For example, it was difficult to find the equites (horsemen) who entered the arena on chariots and horseback fighting against other horsemen. The most interesting pairing involved divergent advantages and disadvantages against each other the most favorite being combat between the fish fighter (Murmillo) and the hoplomachus or thraex. The fish fighter had a large shield that covered him from shoulder to calf giving him stout protection but was very heavy. The thraex carried a small squared shield in combat that only protected his torso while the hoplomachus had a small and rounded shield however; all of them wore leg protectors that stretched well abo ve the knee. Out of all the gladiators, the retiarius (Net fighter) was the most defenseless since he only had a shoulder guard on his left arm that acted as his protection. On regular combats he fought with the secutor who was heavily armed although virtually invincible, crumbled under the heavy weight of his armor. These gladiators were named according to their fighting styles, initially the various fighting styles emanated from the types of combat the Romans encountered with the natives who they fought and conquered. For instance, thraex literally meant inhabitants of Thrace the unfriendly land bordering the north and east by the Danube and notorious black sea respectively. Consequently, as styles in fighting became recognized and official gladiators were trained in a definite ethnic style that is totally different from his real place of origin. Interestingly there was also a category of women gladiators, this was widespread but never lasted for long as women fighting in the arena was outlawed by Emperor Septimius Severus in the third century, C.E. The Roman Empire had gladiatorial barracks that were marked by heterogeneity as membership and life of brotherhood constantly fluctuated due to betrayal and tours by troupes in the local circuit. Some gladiators survived up to retirement as fresh recruits were brought in to train as gladiators. Above all, gladiatorial combat was a demonstration of bravery and skillfulness.

The Moral Judges of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Moral Judges of The Scarlet Letter If human beings are evil, then they can easily appoint themselves as judges, and from their point of view, the decisions they make are moral. These judges try to make themselves look better, by lowering the criminal below their level. These moral judges also try to play God, by selecting, and if they have enough power, executing their decision as a punishment for the crime committed. It is as clear as glass, that these decisions that come from evil beings will also be immoral, and evil. Decisions made by moral judges reflect how much evil they possess within them. Hester had to stand on the scaffold, which was a place for public shame, and had everybody judge her for her crime, committing adultery. This punishment was decided for her by a group men who had political power. These men also thought that they were punishing an evil person, Hester, because she had sinned, and offended God. If that was true, why would a mortal decide, and act as God for God? These men in power made Hester look bad, so people on town would think that they are better than Hester, and because of that they would not sin, or they will too, will be punished. When Hester was standing on the scaffold, she was being judged by everybody, and since humans are evil, than their response towards her were not be positive, but evil. A group of women were talking with each other, and deciding on a punishment for Hester: "'What do we talk of marks and brands, whether on the bodice of her gown, or flesh of her forehead,'" (p. 49). To which another replied "'This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die'" (p. 49). It is a good thing they didn't have any political power. This shows how full of evil these human self appointed judges are, and they do not only judge Hester, they also judge judges' decision. Hawthorne comments this barbarism by describing these judges: "...the ugliest as well as the most pitiless of these self-constituted judges," (p. 49). These evil women set themselves up themselves as moral judges in order to make themselves look like angels, by turning Hester into a devil.

Media influences/Reflects society Essay

Media plays a significant role in our society as a routine in our daily lives that also leads the society with beneficial roles. Media is a massive tool that enhance the society with networking information and develop communication skills with the combination of television,magazines,books,newspapers and more. However, media does not only reflects society but influences them too from few perspectives such as food and electronic devices and fashion Media influences the society by electronic devices _ children or younger generations are the group of society that being influenced easily especially by electronic devices such as internet,smart phones,video games and so on that this is also stated by grath s.jowett,lan c.jarve and Kathryn h.fuller in children and the movies( media influence and the payne fund controversy) from press syndicate of university of Cambridge,1996 _instead of reading books and involving in sports or outdoor activities they are more attracted towards engaging into social activities _spend more time watching television,tv shows, dramas, movies but most of the children now a days uses internet and gadgets such as smart phones to interact with others _ Based on Violent Video Games, Delinquency, and Youth Violence: New Evidence Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice April 2013 11: 132-142, first published on October 17, 2012 also shows the negative effects due to addiction towards video games that causes lack of focus in academics, changes in attitude like ethics/ moral values _besides that, action packed or animated movies from (HBO, TIME WARNER,WALT DISNEY ) like transformer and spiderman actually influences the kids pyshologically and mentally. They tend to imitate and live in a imaginary world where superheros exist _ live tv show such as WWD(wrestling shows) and also video games allows children or youth to behave aggressively and verbally too as stated in Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. Bushman, Brad J.; Anderson, Craig A.American Psychologist, Vol 56(6-7), Jun-Jul 2001, 477-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.477Media influences the society by food _food is use as a marketing tool to attract people by many strategies such as advertising ads, tv progammes,blogs, newspaper and so on  that actually has a negative impact _Malaysia has the highest rate of obese among society ,one of the reason is media that distracts people by all type of advertisement that is unnesscesary at times based on a newspaper article Obesity rise alarming, says MuhyiddinBy ADIB POVERA | news@nst.com.my Saturday, October 11, 2014, 3:27 AM New Straits Times _Based on MALAYSIA: Malaysia Debates On Fast Food Ads http://www.gala-marketlaw.com/archives-52004/86-asia-a-pacific/167-malaysia-malaysia-debates-on-fast-food-ads By Author: Patrick Mirandah, Patrick Mirandah & Co that the ads for the fast food is the main growing factor of this issue _this Is because now a days youngsters are influenced by western food such as fast food and majority of them are addicted to fast food such as (MC DONALDS,KFC) that can be compared by our ancestors when media was not even a there to influenced them _media created this new perception that is influenced by the upcoming generation that will have an effect towards of society in nation building _instead of promoting on food affairs,there should be more on awareness among the society especially teenagers that motivates them to stay healty and active Media influences the society in fashion _fashion industry is slowly changing to ideal beauty of the world where models with real curves have started to filter into mainstream commercials and advertisements, giving the consumer a look of what they want to be _According to Rob Frankel, this generation is â€Å"way more tuned into media† simply because so much media is available to them. Therefore, young people are most likely to be observing celebrity behavior, and at a time in their life when they are still forming their values (Frankel 2010). _for an example, Isabelle Caro, a French actress and model whose anorexic image appeared in an Italian ad campaign at the Italian fashion week whom died at age of 28 based on new york times by William grimes dec 30 2010 _besides that, One victim of this trend was Jeremy Gillitzer, who was once a male model with stunning good looks and a six-pack. He later got down to 66 lbs. after being ravaged by anorexia. He ended up dying at age 38. _Often these people/celebrities are addicted to drugs and/or alcohol, engage in risky behavior, and are often dangerously thin from the aforementioned problems. This creates more pressure on society and a massive reason to be influenced _ Celebrities are generally the center point of many adolescent lives because of a particular talent, fashion and their behavior (Wilson, 2009). â€Å"There’s simply no escaping the mass marketing of today’s celebrities†, says Common Sense Media’s Jim Steyer in Kids & Celebrity. _ celebrities impact the dress of adolescents in America. Teenager see icons like Beyonce, Jay Z, Rihanna, Justin Bieber, and more dressed in Coco Chanel, Marc Jacobs, Louis Vuitton’s Winter Collection and Versace, and makes them want to go out and buy these different clothing. Therefore, celebrity role models have proven to be influential teachers Media reflects society like a mirror

English composition drama essay Essay

Watching a drama clearly is more effective than reading a drama, and in the same perspective comparing a drama that is watched to a short fiction that is read is undeniably on two different ends of the spectrum. The usefulness of a story that has more meaning within itself than intended on when watching itself play out compared to reading a short fiction clearly holds watching the drama more advantageous. But other than just that the effectiveness between watching and reading a drama gets called into question. Watching a drama has an advantage when compared to reading a short fiction because of the way the drama is acted out giving the audience more depth and meaning to the story. There is a clear advantage to watching a drama compared to reading a short fiction. To be able to understand the advantages, one must understand the notable differences between the two. Firstly, short fictions are designed to be read, unlike dramas, which are meant to be acted out in front of an audience. Also, with short fictions the reader is informed about the setting or other important details that are described in the text. However, the setting in a drama is visually portrayed by many elements. The audience sees the exact setting that the author illustrated with his wording. Besides the author’s description of the time and place, other visuals such as costumes give the audience a more definitive perception of the setting. The advantage that drama has over short fiction is that the drama provides the audience with the exact setting that the author constructed while the readers of fiction have to imagine their own setting, which will always vary between one reader and the next. The use of tone also gives a drama the upper hand against a short fiction because short fictions lack the visual components that dramas are able to incorporate in the performance. Such as, the use of lighting, interchangeable scenery, and appropriate props that emphasize the desired tone communicated by the author’s directions. â€Å"For instance, if the playwright wants to evoke an atmosphere of anticipation, that something dreadful is about to happen, the lighting can be adjusted to create a dark, forbidding set†(LearningExpress, 2). Watching a drama is very effective in constructing meaning because of the precision to details the author provides. When an audience can physically see what is going on in a drama, a conflict or resolution becomes easier to comprehend rather than reading a short fiction that does not have nearly as much descriptive detail that a drama expresses. â€Å"This enables the dramatist to create very realistic atmospheres that will convey to the audience a particular mood in the drama†(LearningExpress 2). Something simple as the way characters are dressed in a drama give meaning to their social status such as, someone that is wealthy, or someone that lives in poverty. When given the option to either watch, or read the drama, the decision that is made should always be to watch the drama. It is much more effective to watch the drama in comparison to reading it. â€Å"†¦drama is not intended to be read off the printed page but to be acted out in front of an audience(LearningExpress, 1). If one were to read a drama instead of watching it, then the reader will experience the possibility of misinterpreting the author’s directions for the way a character is meant to speak at a certain time in the drama, which can cause confusion for the reader. Also, the experience of being a part of a large audience watching a drama proves to be a more effective than simply reading it. â€Å"When we read the written script of a play, †¦ but we cannot experience the reactions of other people as they watch the drama with us†(LearningExpress 5). Seeing the reaction of an audience gives a greater sense of appreciation of dramas and their ability to affect many people at once. Dramas were written to be a performance and not to be read to one’s self. Ultimately, watching a drama over reading short fiction clearly has its advantages. The visual elements in a drama such as the set, costumes, and props are completely understood and appreciated fully compared to the two different ideas that were separately concluded from different readers of a fiction novel. The functionality in a drama to provide the audience with the same outlook compared to the various different messages fictions can convey is the main advantage watching dramas has over reading fictions. The concise detailing an author provides in their dramas lets the audience find the meaning in a simpler way. Watching a drama is proven to be much more effective because of the overall experience each audience member get to appreciate. Work Cited â€Å"Reading Drama Study Guide: GED Language Arts, Reading. † Education. com. LearningExpress Editors, 9 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 June 2013. .